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Also known as: References
A header listing the Message-IDs of the articles a follow-up descends from, oldest first. Newsreaders build threads from it, so a reply lands under its parent even when the subject has been rewritten. Clients often trim very long chains to keep the header a reasonable size. Threading collapses when posting software omits References, which is why replies from misconfigured clients appear as new top-level articles.
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